Physical Layer (PHY)¶

Introduction¶

The physical layer (PHY) is the lowest layer of the Bluetooth low energy protocol stack. It configures the physical parameters of the radio transmission and reception. It determines how a bit (and its value) are represented over the air. By switching the PHY, the physical properties of the RF signal is changed.

The supported PHYs include LE 1M, 2M, and Coded PHY. All the projects in BLE5-Stack have support for all of these PHYs; APIs need to be called in the application to utilize the feature.

The following HCI commands were added to support this feature:

LE Set PHY Command (HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd())
LE Set Default PHY Command (HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd())
LE Read PHY Command (HCI_LE_ReadPhyCmd())

When the HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() is called, the controller starts the PHY Update Procedure to change the PHYs. The procedure consists of exchanging the PHY preferences of both devices and negotiating the correct PHY to use based on the PHY preferences. Depending on peer device capability and preference(s), the PHY Update Procedure may not result in a change to the active PHY configuration.

LE 2M PHY¶

The BLE5-Stack supports transferring data over the mandatory symbol rate of 1 megasymbol per second (Msym/s) where 1 symbol represents 1 bit. This results in a bit rate of 1 megabit per second (Mb/s), which is referred to as LE 1M PHY.

The stack also supports an optional symbol rate of 2 Msym/s, with a bit rate of 2 Mb/s, which is referred to as LE 2M PHY.

LE Coded PHY¶

LE Coded PHY allows the ability to have the signal range increase up to nearly quadruple the range of LE 1M PHY. This is achieved by coding the signal, so the Tx power stays the same. This means that the power consumption per time stays the same. On the other hand, this coding entails a lower data throughput.

LE Coded S2 and S8¶

The LE Coded PHY can be operated with two data rates:

S2 : In LE Coded S=2 mode, each bit is represented by two symbols. Thus, the data rate is 500kbps. In this mode the range is roughly doubled compared to the LE 1M PHY.
S8: In LE Coded S=8, each bit is represented by eight symbols. This gives a data rate of 125kbps. In this mode the range is roughly quadrupled compared to the LE 1M PHY.

Every packet sent on LE Coded PHY contains a coding indicator (CI), which indicates the coding of the packet. Thus, when a packet is being received on the LE Coded PHY, the receiver uses the coding indicator to determine the coding of the packet. The full packet format of packets sent on LE Coded PHY is found in the Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.1, Vol 6, Part B, Chapter 2.2 PACKET FORMAT FOR THE LE CODED PHY.

Link Budget¶

The LE Coded PHY gives a higher sensitivity than the LE 1M PHY. The receiver sensitivity is defined by how weak signals the receiver can receive compared to the level of interfering RF power received simultaneously. If no interference is present, the sensitivity level is determined by the thermal background noise and will correspond to the sensitivity specified in the datasheet.

In an operating RF link, the transmitter will transmit at a specified RF power level, and a (usually very tiny) fraction of that RF power will be picked up by the receiving antenna and fed to the receiver. If that fraction is too small, the received power level will drop below the receiver sensitivity level and the link will fail.

The link budget is the ratio between transmitted power and the Rx sensitivity level. For convenience, the link budget (LB) is usually denoted in a logarithmic scale (dB). Output power and sensitivity are usually denoted in a logarithmic scale relative to 1mW (dBm). This means that:

$\textrm{LB}_{\textrm{dBm}} = \textrm{Tx Power} (\textrm{dBm}) - \textrm{Rx Sensitivity Level} (\textrm{dBm})$

There are two ways to improve the link budget:

Increase the output power

Improve (reduce) the receiver sensitivity level

Increasing the output power is fairly straight forward, but it comes at the cost of (sometimes significantly) increased power consumption. In addition, all regulatory jurisdictions have limits on RF emission levels and unwanted spurious emissions, both of which will increase if the transmit power is increased.

The other option, improving receiver sensitivity, is the path chosen by the Bluetooth SIG when Bluetooth 5 was adopted with the intention of offering four times the RF range. This was also chosen to provide the longest range Bluetooth Low Energy solutions at lowest power consumption. In free space, a doubling of the range requires a quadrupling of the link budget (or 6 dB increase). This means that four times the range requires 12 dB better sensitivity for the LE Coded PHY, when compared with the LE 1M PHY. The reference for LE 1M PHY is set to -93 dBm. (Note that -93 dBm was chosen as a reference point for a standard radio at the time the spec was written. On the CC13x2 or CC26x2, the sensitivity is higher. You can find the sensitivity in the datasheet.) Since the reference for LE 1M PHY is -93 dBm, the LE Coded PHY needs a sensitivity of -105 dBm. See Figure 101.

Figure 101. Link Budget Illustration

The link budget increase is achieved through a two-way approach:

The biggest improvement comes simply from the fact that the data rate is reduced to 1/8th, which means that every bit carries eight times more energy for any given power level. Theoretically, this allows the receiver to receive signals at 9 dB lower power levels and still accumulate the same energy per bit as before.
The last 3 dB can be achieved due to the coding employed. The -93 dBm comparison level (for 1Mpbs) assumed a standard differential demodulator, where each received symbol (1 symbol per bit) is determined to be “1” or “0” based on a comparison with the previous symbol. The Coded PHYs facilitate a semi-coherent receiver where eight symbols make up 1 bit, and correlators can search for these known symbol sequences. This is called Forward Error Correction (FEC).

It is worth noting that even though the Tx power is the same for LE Coded PHY as for LE 1M PHY, the data rate is lower, thus the device will spend a longer time to send the same amount of data. This will give a higher power consumption for sending the same amount of data on LE Coded PHY compared to LE 1M PHY.

You can read more about how the LE Coded PHY in this blog: How does Bluetooth® 5 increase the achievable range of a Bluetooth Low Energy connection?

PHY Comparison¶

A comparison of the Bluetooth Low Energy PHYs is given below:

Table 13. Comparison of the PHYs.¶
Parameter	LE 1M	LE 2M	LE Coded S=2	LE Coded S=8
Symbol Rate	1Msps	2Msps	1Msps	1Msps
Data Rate	1Mbps	2Mbps	500kbps	125kbps
Error Correction	None	None	FEC	FEC
Range Multiplier	1	~0.8	~2	~4

LE 2M PHY vs LE 1M PHY¶

The LE 2M PHY feature uses the same transmit power as the LE 1M PHY, the only change is in the modulation of data in the PHY. Using the LE 2M PHY, the energy consumption decreases due to higher data modulation at the same output power. The following table lists some of the differences between the two PHYs:

Table 14. Tradeoff between 1M and 2M PHYs¶
Parameter	Comparison
Power consumption	Energy consumption is reduced using the same transmit power.
Data Rate	LE 2M PHY is 2x faster to transmit data than LE 1M PHY.
Receive Sensitivity	The link budget will be lower relative to LE 1M PHY, due to the increased symbol rate.
Tramsmit Power	The output power is same for both PHYs.

The main advantage to use the LE 2M PHY is for high throughput applications to transfer data at a higher speed.

LE Coded PHY vs LE 1M PHY¶

The LE Coded PHY feature uses the same transmit power as the LE 1M PHY, the only change is in the modulation of data in the PHY. Using the LE Coded PHY, the energy consumption increases because the radio is in Tx longer. Thus the main application for LE Coded PHY should be applications that need a long range, but a low data rate. According to the Bluetooth spec, there are limitations on what packets can be sent on the LE Coded PHY.

Advertising PHY¶

We will use a snippet similar to the example application simple peripheral to show how to advertise on multiple PHYs by selecting a PHY for each advertisement set. Please use GAP Advertiser as a reference for the advertisement API s.

Set up the advertising parameters for each set and specify the PHY. The snippet provides a way to use a predefined parameter set (e.g. GAPADV_PARAMS_LEGACY_SCANN_CONN). The primary PHY and secondary PHY can also be individually selected (e.g. GAP_ADV_PRIM_PHY_CODED_S2 or GAP_ADV_SEC_PHY_CODED_S8) in the advertisement parameters:

Listing 86. Create two advertisement sets at different PHYs¶

  // Advertising handles
  static uint8 advHandleLegacy;
  static uint8 advHandleLongRange;

  // Temporary memory for advertising parameters for set #1 (1M PHY)
  GapAdv_params_t advParamLegacy = GAPADV_PARAMS_LEGACY_SCANN_CONN;

  // Create Advertisement set #1 and assign handle
  status = GapAdv_create(&SimplePeripheral_advCallback, &advParamLegacy,
                         &advHandleLegacy);

  // Use long range params to create long range set #2 (Coded PHY S2)
  GapAdv_params_t advParamLongRange = GAPADV_PARAMS_AE_LONG_RANGE_CONN;

  // Alternatively, set the parameters individually.
  advParamLongRange.primPhy = GAP_ADV_PRIM_PHY_CODED_S2;
  advParamLongRange.secPhy = GAP_ADV_SEC_PHY_CODED_S8;

  // Create Advertisement set #2 and assign handle
  status = GapAdv_create(&SimplePeripheral_advCallback, &advParamLongRange,
                         &advHandleLongRange);

According to the Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.1 (Version 5.0 | Vol 6, Part B, Chapter 2.3 ADVERTISING CHANNEL PDU), only the following PDU types can be transmitted on the LE Coded PHY:

ADV_EXT_IND
AUX_ADV_IND
AUX_SYNC_IND
AUX_CHAIN_IND
AUX_SCAN_REQ
AUX_SCAN_RSP
AUX_CONNECT_REQ
AUX_CONNECT_RSP

You can read about each PDU in the Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.1, Vol 6, Part B, Chapter 2.3 ADVERTISING CHANNEL PDU.

The primary PHY parameter will decide whether the device is advertising in legacy mode, or in long range mode (with ADV_EXT_IND). The secondary PHY parameter will decide the PHY of any auxiliary advertisement packets (i.e. all packets beginning with AUX_).

If advertising non-connectable and non-scannable, an ADV_EXT_IND PDU with no Adv Data can be sent without an auxiliary packet. In all other cases, the ADV_EXT_IND PDU must contain a pointer to an auxiliary advertisement packet, AUX_ADV_IND. The AUX_ADV_IND PDU is sent on the PHY given in secPhy, and on one of the secondary channels (also known as data channels).

Scanning PHY¶

We will use a snippet similar to the example application simple central to show how the scanning PHY is selected. Please use GAP Scanner as a reference for the scanner API s.

Setup the scanner PHY parameters and the scan primary PHY (e.g. SCAN_PRIM_PHY_1M):

Listing 87. Setup scan parameters¶

  GapScan_PrimPhy_t scanPhy = SCAN_PRIM_PHY_1M;
  GapScan_ScanType_t scanType = SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE;
  uint16_t scanInt = SCAN_PARAM_DFLT_INTERVAL;
  uint16_t scanWindow = SCAN_PARAM_DFLT_INTERVAL;

  // Set Scan PHY parameters
  GapScan_setPhyParams(DEFAULT_SCAN_PHY, SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE,
                     SCAN_PARAM_DFLT_INTERVAL, SCAN_PARAM_DFLT_INTERVAL);

  // Set scanning primary PHY
  GapScan_setParam(SCAN_PARAM_PRIM_PHYS, &scanPhy);

To scan on multiple PHYs (e.g. SCAN_PRIM_PHY_1M and SCAN_PRIM_PHY_CODED), individual PHYs can be OR’ed together:

Listing 88. Multiple PHY scan¶

  GapScan_PrimPhy_t scanPhy = SCAN_PRIM_PHY_1M | SCAN_PRIM_PHY_CODED;
  GapScan_ScanType_t scanType = SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE;
  uint16_t scanInt = SCAN_PARAM_DFLT_INTERVAL;
  uint16_t scanWindow = SCAN_PARAM_DFLT_INTERVAL;

  // Set Scan PHY parameters
  GapScan_setPhyParams(scanPhy, scanType,
                   scanInt, scanWindow);

  // Set scanning primary PHY
  GapScan_setParam(SCAN_PARAM_PRIM_PHYS, &scanPhy);

As noted in LE Coded S2 and S8, each packet transmitted on the LE Coded PHY contains a coding indicator that tells the receiving device what the coding of the packet is. It is thus not necessary to tell the GAP Scanner what coding to use when scanning on the LE Coded PHY.

In order to send a scan request to an advertiser which is advertising on LE Coded PHY, the scanner must listen for the AUX_ADV_IND indicated by the pointer in the ADV_EXT_IND PDU, and send a scan request to this packet. This will be an AUX_SCAN_REQ, sent on the same PHY and channel as the AUX_ADV_IND. In turn, the advertiser can send an AUX_SCAN_RSP on the same PHY and channel.

Please reference PHY Limitations if trying to use the LE 2M PHY when scanning for extended advertisements.

Initiating PHY¶

We will use a snippet similar to the example application simple central to show how the initiating PHY is selected. Please use GAP Initiator as a reference for the initiator API s.

Select which PHY to use when initiating the connection (e.g. INIT_PHY_CODED):

Listing 89. Initiate a connection using LE Coded PHY¶

  GapInit_InitPhy_t initPhy = INIT_PHY_CODED;

  GapInit_connect(scanList[index].addrType & MASK_ADDRTYPE_ID,
                  scanList[index].addr, initPhy, 0);

To initiate on multiple PHYs (e.g. INIT_PHY_1M and INIT_PHY_CODED), individual PHYs can be OR’ed together:

Listing 90. Multiple PHY init¶

  GapInit_InitPhy_t initPhy = INIT_PHY_1M | INIT_PHY_CODED;

  GapInit_connect(scanList[index].addrType & MASK_ADDRTYPE_ID,
                  scanList[index].addr, initPhy, 0);

In order to send a connection request to an advertiser which is advertising on LE Coded PHY, the initiator must listen for the AUX_ADV_IND indicated by the pointer in the ADV_EXT_IND PDU, and send a connection request to this packet. This will be an AUX_CONNECT_REQ, sent on the same PHY and channel as the AUX_ADV_IND. In turn, the advertiser can send an AUX_CONNECT_RSP on the same PHY and channel.

Changing PHY¶

The application can initiate a PHY Update Procedure in a connection regardless of the role of the device (master or slave). The PHY preferences that are set by HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd() are used by default during a set PHY negotiation.

Attention

Calling HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() to change the PHY will change the preferred PHY of the device. This means that in some cases, only the device that first changed the active PHY can change it back.

When the application has finished the PHY critical operations, it is therefore a good idea to change the PHY to a bit mask with every supported PHY, e.g. (LE 1M PHY | LE Coded PHY). This will allow the peer device to change the PHY back to LE 1M.

The HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd() is used to specify the preferred PHY for transmit and receive for all subsequent connections. However, when the HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() is used to change the PHY for the connection, the change only applies to that connection. Subsequent connections will revert to using the default PHYs.

The HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd() should be called before forming the connection and HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() can only be called during a connection. Also note that the HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd() does not change the PHY, only the HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() can request a change to the PHY.

The parameters for HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd() and HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() are same. The allPhys parameter specifies whether the other two parameters (txPhy and rxPhy) are used or not. Master value of ‘1’ indicates the client has no PHY preference for that direction, while a ‘0’ indicates that the corresponding parameter should be used. The txPhy and rxPhy can be set to specify which PHY to use for transmitting and receiving, respectively. Note that when all supported PHY are specified, the stack always tries to select the fastest PHY during a set PHY negotiation.

Table 15. HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd and HCI_LE_SetDefaultPhyCmd variables.¶
Name	Usage	Description
HCI_PHY_USE_PHY_PARAM	allPhys	Use Phy Param
HCI_PHY_USE_ANY_PHY	allPhys	Use any PHY
HCI_PHY_1_MBPS	txPhy and rxPhy	LE 1M PHY
HCI_PHY_2_MBPS	txPhy and rxPhy	LE 2M PHY
HCI_PHY_CODED	txPhy and rxPhy	LE Coded PHY

In addition, for LE Coded PHY you can choose between S=2 and S=8 with the phyOpts parameter. Use the following API to change/set the PHY:

Listing 91. Call API to set the PHY¶

// Set Phy Preference on the current connection. Apply the same value
// for RX and TX.
HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd(connectionHandle, HCI_PHY_USE_PHY_PARAM, HCI_PHY_CODED, HCI_PHY_CODED, 0);

Based on the PHY negotiation, the PHY will change if the peer remote device supports the given PHY(s). Otherwise, it will continue using the current PHY. After this command is sent, the controller will send a hciEvt_BLEPhyUpdateComplete_t which will indicate completion of this command:

Listing 92. Receive PHY Update Complete event¶

static uint8_t SimplePeripheral_processStackMsg(ICall_Hdr *pMsg)
{
  ...
  case HCI_LE_EVENT_CODE:
  {
    hciEvt_BLEPhyUpdateComplete_t *pPUC = (hciEvt_BLEPhyUpdateComplete_t*) pMsg;

    // A Phy Update Has Completed or Failed
    if (pPUC->BLEEventCode == HCI_BLE_PHY_UPDATE_COMPLETE_EVENT)
    {
      if (pPUC->status != SUCCESS)
      {
        Display_printf(dispHandle, SBP_ROW_STATUS_1, 0, "PHY Change failure");
      }
      else
      {
        // Only symmetrical PHY is supported.
        // rxPhy should be equal to txPhy.
        Display_printf(dispHandle, SP_ROW_STATUS_2, 0,
                       "PHY Updated to %s",
                       (pPUC->rxPhy == HCI_PHY_1_MBPS) ? "1M" :
                       (pPUC->rxPhy == HCI_PHY_2_MBPS) ? "2M" :
                        "CODED");
      }
      ...

In case this is not the first time a PHY change is attempted, and the controller knows that the peer device does not support the desired PHY, a HCI_LE_SET_PHY event will be received:

Listing 93. Receive PHY Update Complete event¶

static uint8_t SimplePeripheral_processStackMsg(ICall_Hdr *pMsg)
{
  ...
  case HCI_GAP_EVENT_EVENT:
  {
  ...

    // HCI Commands Events
    case HCI_COMMAND_STATUS_EVENT_CODE:
    {
      hciEvt_CommandStatus_t *pMyMsg = (hciEvt_CommandStatus_t *)pMsg;
      switch ( pMyMsg->cmdOpcode )
      {
        case HCI_LE_SET_PHY:
        {
        if (pMyMsg->cmdStatus == HCI_ERROR_CODE_UNSUPPORTED_REMOTE_FEATURE)
        {
           Display_printf(dispHandle, SP_ROW_STATUS_1, 0,
                          "PHY Change failure, peer does not support this");
        }

        ....

See Host Controller Interface (HCI) for more information on receiving HCI events.

The sequence diagram below shows the use case where the master initiates the PHY update procedure:

Figure 102. Sequence diagram for changing PHY by Master¶

Alternatively, the slave can also initiate the PHY Update Procedure as well using the same API as shown below:

Figure 103. Sequence diagram for changing PHY by Slave¶

If the PHY does not change (for example, if the master tries to change to a PHY not supported by the slave), then only the side that initiated the PHY Update Procedure will get a hciEvt_BLEPhyUpdateComplete_t event. The other side will not receive a hciEvt_BLEPhyUpdateComplete_t event if the PHY is not changed. This is represented by dotted arrow lines in the flow charts above.

PHY Negotiation¶

Determining when the PHY will change can be determined by looking at the PHY preferences of both devices after the HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() is called. If both devices prefers to use LE 2M PHY, the PHY will change to LE 2M PHY. If the PHY is changed to 2M due to master preference of only 2M, the slave cannot change the PHY back to 1M until the master changes its PHY preference to support 1M as well. Similarly if the PHY is changed to 1M due to the slave preference of only 1M, the master will not be able to change the PHY to 2M until the slave changes its PHY preference to support 2M as well.

If one device initiates change to a PHY not supported on other remote device, the initiating side will receive a hciEvt_BLEPhyUpdateComplete_t event with nonzero status indicating the change was not successful. If the PHY does not change after HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() is called, the connection continues with the current PHY.

$@startuml hide footbox participant Master participant MasterLL participant SlaveLL participant Slave group Establish connection Master -> MasterLL: GapInit_connect() note right: Master and Slave are in connection end == LE 1M PHY == ... group Change PHY SlaveLL <- Slave: HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() note left: Slave application initiates PHY change ... MasterLL <- SlaveLL : LL_PHY_REQ note left: Link layer messages exchanged ... MasterLL -> SlaveLL : LL_UNKNOWN_RSP ... SlaveLL -> Slave : LE PHY Update Complete: \n PHY Change Failure note left: Application receives event from stack end == No Change of PHY == ... group Consecutive PHY change attempts SlaveLL <- Slave: HCI_LE_SetPhyCmd() note left: Slave application initiates PHY change ... SlaveLL -> Slave : LE set PHY status: \n Unsupported remote feature note left: Application receives event from stack end @enduml$

Figure 104. Sequence diagram for failed changing PHY attempts.¶

PHY Limitations¶

The following are the current PHY limitations in BLE5-Stack:

The BLE controller does not support asymmetric connections where the connection uses different PHYs in each direction (RX and TX).
For the CC2640R2, it is not possible to scan on LE 2M PHY as the secondary PHY. This is stated as a known issue in the release notes for the CC2640R2 BLE5-Stack.